1218
| 1218 • The Livonian Brothers of the Sword begin to conquer Estonia. |
1294
Age: 76y
| 1294 • John Balliol, King of Scotland, decides to refuse King Edward I of England's demands for support in a planned invasion of France, the result being the negotiation of the Auld Alliance with France and Norway in the following year. These actions play a part in precipitating the Scottish Wars of Independence, which begin in 1296. |