1125
| 1125 • First mention of the consuls of Siena indicating that the city has become an independent commune. |
1179
Age: 54y
| 1179 • The Third Council of the Lateran condemns Waldensians and Cathars as heretics, institutes a reformation of clerical life, and creates the first "ghettos" for Jews. It also rules that the Pope must receive 2/3 of the cardinals' votes to be elected. |